Cardiovascular field: swinging & swirling around us

Since 1999, investigations have focused on the link between infections and atherogenesis, but only recently we understood  with striking surprise that the involved pathogens were not the manyfold-suggested Chlamydia or intracellular bacteria, but rather the parasitic cysticercosis.

Within just two months of initiating Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT), we observed a progressive restoration of CV integrity. This was achieved through received HBOT-provided EM energy quanta, so that ✦ definite normalisation of high blood pressure (BP) was achieved, ✦ improved CV diastolic function was attained with inherently reduced pulmonary venous pressures, ✦ the amount of myocardial cysticercal infiltration, indiscernible from host myocytes, since both contain myosin, was substantially abated (with a corresponding well-appreciable at least 6 mm reduction in inter-ventricular septum thickness) without the risk related to dreadful cytotoxic drugs as niclosamide (performing life-threatening "pharmacological biopsies" on myosin and host cysticerci at the same time), ✦ an overall improved blood rheology was documented by symptoms ✦ resolved previous, still remote, or ongoing arterial and venous thromboses (even at retinal venous sites) were appreciated ✦ coronary symptoms of vasospasm were all averted ✦ atherothrombosis progression even in conditions of protracted contraindicated antiplatelet treatment was halted, which previously had appeared menaciously rapid, by symptoms ✦ vascular-seeded cysticerci ova and EV gradually died, so that provisional antihistamine administration was no longer needed before any session, nor after them, nor outside of therapy to avoid histamine-caused mild hypertensive bouts, but only at occasions ✦ heart arrhythmogenesis attending myocardial infiltration was even dominated and resolved, which appeared relapsing for protracted periods of HBOT withdrawal, due to other external (non medical) causes ✦ a cardiac-centered improved microvascular beds'perfusion was achieved, so that even important trifascicular conduction disturbances were reverted ✦ finally an overall heightened whole-body microvascular beds' perfusion was attained, with improved whole-body health.

It ought to be clarified that, beside the long-term, sustained and strong hypotensive therapeutic effect, we recorded an initial mild side effect, due to cysticercal parasite dying (across the very first month of uninterrupted 3-hr-long b.i.d. sessions, & proportionally to previous disease duration or burden). The definite blood pressure improvement after sessions persisted, but short-lived transient hypertensive bouts, early after sessions, from histamine released by dying cysticercal ova spread in the vasculature, were efficiently dominated by provisional cyproheptadine syrup 0.4 mg (1 ml) before any session in the 1st month of any initial treatment. Without it sessions were most often followed by short-term increased BP (by about 10 to 20, but seldom even 30-40 mmHg systolic and diastolic BP), promptly sensitive to the oral antihistamine cyproheptadine (0.4 to 0.8 mg, ≃1 to 2 ml p. os).

Wholly casually, as forced by a very severe traumatic head injury dictating an immediate cyproheptadine withholding, and temporary (10 days) HBOT interruption, with a later (40 days) low-pressure 1.2 ATA  (vs 1.5 ATA) regimen of HBOT, we documented that syrup was no longer needed to dominate BP, for two long months, since we had begun to keep lighted our Himalayan salt lamp. When suddenly its light bulb burned out, having already resumed the 1.5 ATA pressure regimens, we believed to have heuristically discovered a powerful enhancer of the already known, magneto-related BP decrease (Nishimura, Hyp Res 2011), so that the transient histaminergic effect of dying cysticerci resulted negligible and the 20-30 mmHg rises in BP no longer persisted.

Indeed, during the withheld cyproheptadine, by keeping turn on, during sessions, close to HBOT, the Himalayan salt lamp  

- containing abundant N tx -6th at elements' concentration rank- possibly working as nitrogen vacancy centers, normally used to hyperpolarize nuclear spinsꜛe- >>ꜛH+, and transfer polarization to nearby nuclear spins according to DNP principles- 

such hypertensive drawbacks were totally avoided, while relapsing on the 4th day of lamp interruption.

The lighted Himalayan salt lamp kept close, made HBOT 1.5 ATA a wholly safe, & active therapy, even for protracted times (> 6h/day).Contextually, HBOT's vasoactive long-term benefit producing sustained BP lowering was maintained and reinforced, thereby consenting total withdrawal & withholding of antihypertensive (and cyproheptadine) treatments.

Quartz is a premier piezoelectric material, historically considered the king of resonators (only recently surpassed by synthetic Lead Zirconate TItanate and Lithium and Barium salts). Like other piezoelectric sensors, it is distinguished by its durability, reliability, and sensitivity, qualifying it as one of the most efficient energy harvesters, for electrical power "generation" and exploitatioin.

Piezoelectric  materials or techniques convert mechanical stress into electric voltage and vice versa, interacting strongly with electromagnetic fields. Due to their insulating and low-dielectric loss, they can exhibit optical activity, and shield X-rays lower than 60 keV, making them suitable for high-power electronics.

As quartz behaves, also human body does, even producing a "symphony" of bio-piezoelectricity effects: they can range from regenerative medicine to tissue engineering, involving DNA, cheratin, enamel, dentin, elastins, tendons and cheratin, but also all body content in collagen, scaffolding tendons, ligaments, bones, cartilage, skin, the heart, and blood vessels.

External magnetic fields appear to potentiate bio-piezoelectricity in "wireless mode"

not only by generating charges, but by enhancing the electric currents involved in human bio-piezoelectricity, according to a phenomenon termed biocatalysis. It appears that HBOT, by its specific nature, perfectly aligns magnetotransferred energy with the biopiezoelectric effect, fulfilling the requirements for a comprehensive biophysical interaction with biological matter. Consequently, both mechanisms seem to support life in its movement through perturbations towards homeostasis. and in its interactions with environment. The bio-piezoelectric appears to bridge energy, particles and cells and their organised structural complexes within the same framework, promoting homeostasis of living organisms in an entropic environment, — a concept applicable for .✦ brain stimulation ✦ cell proliferation ✦ drug enhancement ✦ tissue engineering—.

While magnetoelectric effects are exploited in diagnostics (magnetocardiography, magnetotomography, magnetomyography, magnetoneurography) their therapeutic potential remains underutilized. We identified a relevant study by Cheng T (IEEe Access 2018), which investigated how hyperbaric conditions (in air and not oxygen) can potentiate energy harvesting effected by a piezoelectric diaphragm.

Specifically, we found of interest the concept that bio-piezoelectromagnetism-operated energy harvesting could play a reinforcement of the relevant biomagnetism role exerted on lipid, and lipid-operated mitochondria metabolisms. 

Our hypothesis is that magneto-received biological signals, — measured/measurable after exposure to hyperbaric paramagnetic oxygen, and transmitted by radical pairs mechanisms, or reinforced by piezoelectric mechanisms —, primarily involve increased lipid shuttling across mitochondria. This process is commensurate with the TCA Cycle's functional rate, maintaining metabolic flexibility and preventing  by a needed and not overcome measure - excessive lipid oxidation, that could paradoxically increase ROS. Interestingly, the concept of metabolic flexibility regulating mitochondrial choice between lipid and glucose substrates was firstly identified in parasite metabolism (Kohler P. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1985), and, what’s more, as far as 1985. By utilizing the mapping  Lipids relaxation Enhancement (MOBILE) imaging technique, the paramagnetic properties of oxygen (which is more soluble in lipids than in water) could be used to selectively measure Lipid T1 relaxation times indicating cellular lipid dynamics, albeit representing integrated whole-tissue, and not specific mitochondrial lipid content. Multistaged procedures could be proposed to provide a window into cellular lipid dynamics and mitochondrial efficiency. In particular, it could be detected whether these magnetised lipids are more rapidly rolling across mitochondria or in the "general cell", having excluded they could belong to shuttling proteins across mitochondrial membranes.

Controlling environmental allergy sources is paramount, for a vascular deeply endowed parasitic disease as short- or long-term cysticercosis, where the anatomo-physiological substrate sustains a consistent atopic/allergic infectious pathological basis, able to manifest spreadly. By avoiding “eliciting” stimuli. the inherent peptidergic-mediated arteriolar constriction and thrombosis, & ensuing hyperadrenergic tone, will be abated.

Currently, only basal and provoked tryptase assay, alongside the anti-histamine ex juvantibus efficacy, remain the two most solid, cost-effective and accessible pillars for a tentative causal diagnosis of cysticercosis as the  underlying driver of hyperaminergic and hyperadrenergic states, rather frequently provoked and disclosed by intercurrent “elicitig stimuli”.

Once the environment and food chains are cleared from allergic elicitors, efforts must focus on abating the environmental cysticercosis burden in soil, water, air, agriculture and feeding chains. Although the WHO has recommended a concentrations of ≤1 helminth egg/L in wastewaters, grey water used for irrigation and a complete absence in drinking water since 2006, large-scale actions remain insufficient. While a 20 µm sieve can effectively concentrate oncospheres from samples, and antigens have been retrieved in serum, the detection of ova and EV, remains hindered by insufficiently sensitive techniques. Also, a removal of various (non specifically taeniid) helminth eggs by centralised and decentralised wastewater treatment plants was reported as realized in South Africa, Lesotho, Brazil, and India. Sludge inactivation was shown to be possible, by applying thermal treatment at 108 °C, irradiation at 1000 Gy or more, and pasteurization at 70 °C.
However, for Taenia ova and EV, no standardized, reliable, highly-sensitive and highly-specific genetic molecular method (PCR), or even flow cytometric (FACS) technique, already tested and validated for the diagnosing Taenia in body fluids or environmental samples, has been reported, nor recommended, which could help in people and environment diagnosis. Not even papers on a comparison between the two PCR and FACS methods as to the more rapid and reliable, are available up-to-date, to the best of our knowledge, for the purpose of epidemiological environmental assessments and safety, and of human studies. Furthermore, there is a lack of standardised protocols regarding centrifugation time and speed, sample size, sedimentation time, storage conditions, extraction kits, etc., are lacking, which are critical for reliable epidemiological assessments.
To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive research has utilized  metabolomics, genomics, and proteomics to study Taenia ova and Taenia-derived microvesicles in index population or local water basins. with easy to assess PCR or FACS techniques, as above detailed, The stunning environmental durability of this materials (ova and EV), as long as months and years, even in waters and with cold, sustain the strong and far-reaching disease yield of this parasitosis, as regard to outcomes’ burden  vehiculated by individuals through geographical regions. An eradication program not employing harmful drugs (niclosamide), but to be realised with other, physico-chemical, means, could be realised, on these premises, by matching the advanced characterisation techniques with the clinical endpoints of the study, and would represent a significant medical advance. 

To understand how recent pandemics have worsened this disease yield, prospective studies must update the outdated 2009 background data. That study documented a national  24% mean cysticercosis seroprevalence, which became 21% when living > 50 meters from a carrier, increased to 32% when living < 50 meters from a carrier, and then grew into 64% when living in homes of carriers. Also, the vicinity of affected pigs is paramount, and mother-to-offspring human & animal passage through milk/colostrum is documented. 

Flow-metabolism coupling is a well-established physiological mechanism that regulates the critical balance between vasodilation and perfusion, This process ensures efficient lipid metabolism and adequate glucose uptake, particularly within skeletal muscle and other high-demand tissues.

Beyond emotional stress and anger, basal “background” factors —such as cold temperatures, adverse weather, and prolonged sedentary habits— can induce significant vasoconstrictive stimuli. These factors are highly likely to exacerbate early-stage hypertensive or glucose-intolerance clinical pictures by impairing the physiological function of IGF-1-mediated flow-metabolism coupling.

Both histamine-induced and hyperadrenergic states can constrict the vasculo-metabolic coupling functional unit. Conversely, physical exercise in warm or confortable environments can mitigate the arterial and arteriolar constriction responsible for hypertensive and hyperglycemic readings.

The critical importance of the exercised skeletal muscle is thus reaffirmed as the central site of healthy flow-metabolism coupling. This suggests that sedentary behaviour may play a 'permissive' role, in the progression of concealed, initial muscular cysticercal infestation, potentially acting as a major contributor to the advancement of diseases affecting both skeletal muscle and the heart — both of which are central to cardiovascular-metabolic health.

In addition to the peripheral musculo-vascular unit, impaired vasodilation extending to distal perfusion beds and microcirculation, can significantly impact pancreas syntheses. Indeed, peptidergic and adrenergic-mediated constriction has been observed to precipitate the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic acute pancreatic failure. This manifests clinically as insulinopenic diabetes, and insulin resistance, corresponding to hypoxic-ischemic impaired flow-metabolism coupling, and/or compromised insulin secretion. Notably, these conditions appeared to resolve with HBOT, which facilitates vasodilation and pro-survival cellular activity, whereas muscular exercise primarily modulated flow-metabolism coupling.

The insulinopenic damage resulting from ischemic-hypoxic pancreatic insult —likely triggered by the initial parcellar ischemic challenge related to vasoconstrictive pathophysiology, could be further exacerbated by hypoxic damage. This damage appears to preserve counterregulatory α-glucagon-synthesizing as compared with ß-insulin-producing pancreatic cells. However, both forms of damage appeared reversible (the insulinopenic component partially so), through a combined approach of antihistamines, insulin-sensitizing agents, and antihypoxic pancreatic-rescuing HBOT treatment, established upon timely diagnosis.

Sometimes is not an exponential, but a very small life, for humans.

While bacteria and parasites may thrive at our expenses, creating the hypothesis of a biological exponential life, human existence is often a more arduous journey of incremental gains. This progress is hindered when negative disease intermediates obstruct the correct transfer of energy between cells, tissues, and the environment. Near a 'spirit' animating our biology, this energy flux is directly reflected in the healthy functioning of our metabolic processes. It connects external energy intake to the basal metabolism of our tissues, manifesting in the defining human qualities of physical and mental generativity, two of the most relevant of all the energy-expending human specific competencies.

For example ◆ late-term pregnancy adds 1000 kcal per day — totalling around 85000 kcal across nine months— to the basal energy expenditure, while ◆ basal mental activity consumes around 20% of total body energy, with brain representing only 2% of its weight ◆ Intense mental efforts (matched to some physical endeavour) can require energy expenditures comparable to pregnancy: an orchestra conductor may burn up to 1000 kcal over only 3 hours, a violinist up to 220 kcal per hour, a standing singer or a pianist up to 200 kcal. Pregnancy is also believed boost to the whole body maternal metabolism, "renewing" all cellular machineries, through the presence of a mass of new genetic material, in itself magnetically resonant, and fit to exchange energy with the mother.

But what a difference a specificity makes:  performing Rachmaninoff piano concertos during an orchestra concert is a so intensely physical, high-energy, and cognitively demanding performance, that it can burn over 2400 calories during a full, multi-concerto marathon.

Thereby let us think to all our daily common "externally"-imparted and done or not done actions, with added or not added energy expenditures. As physicians, we have always believed that an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure forms the basis of all metabolic diseases —ranging from increased waist-hip ratio, to glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hypertension and diabetes, and later, much later, atherogenesis—. But what if basal metabolic rate were maintained, and nonetheless, more or less out the blue, hypertension, diabetes, arterial and venous thromboses began to develop unexpectedly ? Should we not consider that an external has intervened, preventing our arteriolar microvessels  —the very essence of nourishing of all our tissues— from correctly "opening" and feeding ourselves, and supporting blood rheology?

Yes, we should, but we haven't yet, at least not seriously. Have we similarly thought, as physicians, to physically and biochemically-active intervening actors that may put a wall and a brake to our metabolism, independently from the basal metabolic rate, and modify the music of our energy streams flowing among cells, or, even more, prevent normally flowing energy from resonating with our bodies ? Even in vitro cells are impacted by different applied types of musics (Algieri C. CSCC 2018), or the human voice, which significantly condition their syntheses and viability.

Why shoudl humans themselves and their bodies not be considered agile resonators, influenced throughout their lives, and in their mental and physical productions by the rhythms of nature and music?

For many researchers, the action of listening to music is to be at the very heart of what it means to be a human being  —A real and proper human hallmark, neurologist F. Wilson noted— "All have a biological guarantee of musicianship" & "music is a birthright of all human beings" — and its biological benefits are documented: improved blood biochemistry, and accelerated recovery times after traumas or damages. If playing musicians have been defined "small muscle athletes", their brains have been found selectively activated on music-centered attention, thereby training focused attention. Consequently, their physiological responses have been observed to include reduced blood pressure, heart rate and several other reactions. 

In-vitro studies in sonocytology and sonomitochondriology have shown that  cells thrive, when exposed to pressure waves, even in the audible range, displaying heightened proliferation, viability, hormone-binding, organelles' trophism, interconnection, and cell shaping, motility, and modeling, effected by cytoskeleton and microtubules. Endothelial progenitor cells, even, have been proved to proliferate in response to the complex sound of melodic music, with rhythmic patterns, or to human voice and to EM emissions, measured with Multi Spectral Imaging System.

Before string theory, Joel Sternheimer stated that each atomic particle possesses frequencies inversely proportional to its mass—effectively, its own 'music.' When dysfunctional or diseased, particles no longer emit these harmonic sounds or resonate with them.

At the infinitesimal scale of perceptible, nature's instruments —protons, neutrons and electrons— tune with one another, harmonising polyphonic energy voices across: ♠︎ electroweak ♠︎ magnetic ♠︎ and gravitational forces. Any failure in this tuning processes leads to a 'detuned state' of our cells and organs, relative to the environmental electromagnetically-waving 'music of health' serving asa proxy of disease. Crucially, over years, an exponentially increasing burden of disease accrues. This burden consists of material discontinuities  above seen and explained, made of matter discontinuities —foreign "materials" as parasites' ova and EV— with different acoustic and electromagnetic impedances from human cells, and differently-oriented (towards their own and stealing from human's) mitochondrial metabolism. These errors and hindrances, interpose themselves between human cells and their energy sources, even releasing toxic substances (such as PI3K inhibitors, histamine, tryptase) able to interfere with both 'building' and detoxification, as well as with drainage routes—, even lymphatics.

By having the specific advantage of going easily undetected and uncleared by both innate and adaptive human immune system, as themselves capable of producing steroid substances, such accruing microbial intermediates of disease remain silently noxious for decades.  They are revealed only when their burden becomes overwhelmingly high for their host, or until an external trigger (found in nature, foods, or drugs) "reveal" them, by easing histamine release from granules of mast cells, having been, in the meantime, accumulating in tissues, around vessels, and below the endothelial linings.

These cysticerci are not merely energy wasters; they are active 'poisoners', that inhibit the PI3K enzyme (phosphoinositol-3-kinase), the fundamental building block of human growth. Furthermore, their immunosuppressive activity, powerfully 'wires' and nourishes viral and bacterial coinfections.

Ultimately they represent a source of individual biological chaos , a personal burden, determined by exposure to contaminated water, food chain, and contacts. Their effects span a wide pathophysiological range: from coagulation and haemorrhage, to vasoconstriction, thrombosis, senses' harms, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular, more proper vascular, as well as multiorgan damage (brain, kidney, and intestines) according to their circulating titers.

Proportionally to this systemic seeding, internal energy is distorted and wasted, as if a shield prevented the mechanisms of natural order. They ultimately represent the multiple negative "incidents" intervening between Nature, and health. Every year without "clearance" contributes to this chaos, as in Nature, nothing remains ordered by accident. While Earth's gravity supports life, it is often insufficient to overcome this accrual.

Even, hypomagnetic fields — seldom present on Earth in areas of reduced gravitational forces—  act in opposition to the thriving effect of EMFs, dampening human physiology, and selectively unbalancing the host/pathogen  equilibrium to the benefit of microbes.

In the vegetal realm, this results in inhibited vegetative and reproductive growth and delayed flowering of plants, seed germination rates and times, breath conductivity, chlorophyll content, and photoreceptor involvement, while in animals hypomagnetic fields reduce hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition. Notably, the effects of near zero magnetic field are rapid, suggesting they influence ion channels and cellular transport through immediate biological coordination rather than slow genetic expression alone.

Our proposed view of pathogenesis identiifies vasoconstriction and thrombosis as the primary drivers of both microvascular and macrovascular ischemia, which systemically reverberate first as a hypertensive state and later as overt thromboses. 

If advanced diagnostic tools were available to identify parcellar and disorganised ischemic forms, within specific vascular beds, such damage could be proactively counteracted through pharmacological interventions or early rescue and salvage therapies, such as HBOT. Other magnetotransferring techniques are also being exploited, particularly in cerebral setting, where magneto-encephalography (MEG) is already utilized for diagnostic purposes. Conversely while magneto-cardiography (MCG) is a well-established diagnostic tool, therapeutic magnetotransfer methologies for cardiac care are less frequently implemented despite promising user-friendly modalities such as ♦︎.Magnetorheology (MR) for Blood Flow Improvement (Maurya CS. Computers in Biology and Medicine 2025) ♦︎ Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) Therapy (Stuart MG. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020). Magnetic fields techniques —with HBOT one of the most prominent— possess the potential to provide indirect early sensing of "magnetic blocks". By uncovering the transient histaminergic side effects of dying cysticerci (observed during initial, but not in 'chronic' HBOT applications (when not combined with Himalayan salt lamp, and where necessary, antihistamines) these methods can effectively treat dysfunctional distal perfusion in the vascular bed of the heart, brain, and other vital organs.

Stratified pathogens —which we here identify as cysticercal ova— referentially affect the arterioles, the well-known resistive filters and vasomotor checkpoints of circulatory beds. In these vessels, they trigger more or less concentrated mast cells activation and histamine release, acting as critical factors that can either facilitate or impede regional blood flow (coronary, cerebral, or other organs), depending on their relative presence. The perfusion resistance index varies accordingly, reflecting backwards as reduced distal coronary flow, decreased conductance artery diameter, and increased pressure drop ratio across stenotic segments. This state promotes Wirchow's triad —specifically stasis via slowed flow—. Consequently, at the arteriolar resistance unit, the alternative activation of platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, platelets, erythroid cells, and monocytes, —together with encysted cysticercal ova—contributes to a shared network of vasoactive and thrombotic mediators. This mesh elicits vascular smooth cells contraction, endothelial damage, and platelet degranulation, driven by heavy mast cell infiltration throughout the subendothelium, and the tunica intima, media, and externa. Furthermore, impaired immune cell priming predominantly occurs at this level.